The Emotions of Normal People (published 1928) is a book by Psychologist William Marston in which he lays out his DISC theory of human emotion. William Marston was, in terms I believe this circle can agree with, married to two women: Elizabeth Holloway Marston and Olive Byrne, both of whom he lists in the acknowledgement page of this book. William is credited with the invention of the lie detector, which he references the research for in Emotions, and he also was the author and inventor of the early Wonder Woman comics. His family's story is dramatized in the movie, Professor Marston and the Wonder Women, reviewed here. Marston seems to be successful in his marriages; he had children with both women, they resided under the same roof, and his wives continued to live together after his death for the remainder of their lives.
Emotions was written during the feminist revolution in the early 20th century and from what I can tell Marston was sympathetic to the cause. His perspective of what the feminist movement could accomplish however, seems somewhat detached from what it has become today. I would be very interested to hear this man’s perspective on modernity as we know it. As I will elucidate further on, his opinions reside in the assumption that masculine appetite and dominance will always prevent undeviating love, and so all things considered, he believed the human race’s only hope is to re-train women in the traits necessary to lead.
Ultimately I can perceive how he comes to this conclusion because there is no concrete indication in this book that he was a man of faith. What he has unwittingly identified through psychological study and logical deduction is that man is in need of salvation, that we are dead in our sins, and without hope apart from a regeneration of our hearts. Marston, through the lens of humanism, decides to promote a last-ditch effort on equipping women to do this job, as he rightfully identifies a propensity for love and submission more prevalent in that sex. This ideology will ultimately drive the psychology of his Wonder Woman comic, and is also the proposition he makes at the closing pages of the book.
Marston is a keen observer of natural law, and does arrive in the first chapters to the conclusion that the order of things must come from a “vitalistic” or higher, even conscious level down, instead of a “mechanistic” or lower, evolutionary level upward. Many of his observations reveal a lot of wisdom. His observations are worth our consideration as he could certainly be considered a successful polygynist, at least by secular standards, and he went so far as to scientifically evaluate why and how men and women differ psychologically and this without the broken mirror of monogamy-only.
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The DISC model stands for Dominance, Inducement, Submission, and Compliance. All quotations that follow are Marston’s. I will mostly let him speak for himself in my review, and paraphrase or condense for brevity. (This will still be a lengthy post)
Dominance and Compliance are in opposition to each other with dominance being the greater power forcing compliance. It is the survival of the fittest. Marston seems to recognize this as the dynamic naturally in play between men.
Inducement and Submission are in alliance to the same end with inducement being the stronger power; thus "the weaker (submissive) attractive force progressively weakens itself by facilitating the compulsion exercised upon itself by the stronger (inducing) attractive force." Marston recognizes this as the dynamic naturally in play between women, and to be the ideal for relationships between men and women.
Dominance he defines as “an increase of the self to overcome an opponent”. This could be an environmental or personal antagonist. It is, “a feeling of an outrush of energy to remove opposition". Marston assesses that dominance emotion has “a mixture of pleasantness and unpleasantness throughout the response.”
Compliance is "a feeling of acceptance of an object or force as inevitably just what it is, followed by self-yielding sufficient to bring about harmonious readjustment of self to object. This feeling, unpleasant if the stimulus is too intense to be completely adjusted to, indifferent if the stimulus is of small volume or is composed of inharmonious elements, and pleasant if the stimulus is of moderate intensity, large volume, and is composed of units cumulatively harmonious, constitutes compliance emotion." In other words a reduction of self in the face of a greater antagonistic dominance, but often to just regather and attempt to dominate elsewhere.
Inducement emotion is “a feeling that it is utterly necessary to win the voluntary submission of another person to do what the subject says. This feeling, increasingly pleasant in proportion as the other person submits, constitutes inducement emotion”. “The stronger attractive force progressively strengthens itself by compelling the weaker attractive force to obey its dictates, while all the time the stronger force remains in alliance with the weaker.”
"Many subjects report that inducement becomes very unpleasant if unsuccessful, or when its success remains in doubt. Use of the word “success” in such reports evidences the true dominant nature of the behaviour characterized as “unpleasant”. When one strives for “success” as a conscious end, then one is expressing dominance and not inducement. The purpose sought in such responses is to compel an antagonist into allegiance with the self, and not to lead or induce an ally into conduct favourable to both persons. True inducement is positively pleasant at all times, whether successful or not, because the other person is regarded as a friend, or ally, throughout. Should a wish be entertained to compel the stimulus person to do something against his will, then dominance must have replaced inducement response, and unpleasantness will accompany the failure of the dominance reaction to accomplish its purpose."
Submission is “wanting to give the self helplessly, without question, to the dictation of another person. This feeling, increasingly pleasant in proportion as the self is increasingly controlled by the person submitted to, constitutes submission emotion.”
In other words, compliance is when one has to do something for another, submission is when one wants to do it. “So long as any memory or stimulus intimately associated with the person originally submitted to remains, however, some vestige of pleasantness and of the initial submission reaction also remain. And under no possible conditions can true submission be unpleasant”. "There is only one type of emotional response that is capable of influencing further submission, and that is inducement."
Marston finds it interesting that, “submission is a type of conduct which writers appear quite willing to describe as an attractive sort of behaviour when performed by someone else, but which they rather shrink from acknowledging as a conscious element of their own emotional life.”
Marston notes that similarity between the one doing the inducing and the one submitting is important for the necessary alliance to occur. He observes that women are more likely to submit to other women than to men because they are more alike each other than to a man. He is talking about the give and take of life here – there is nothing that stands out in Emotions to indicate Marston structured his wives in any sort of hierarchy, but some of his anecdotes do leave room for it as a naturally occuring potentiality in female relationships.
It's quite beautiful when you think about it, this mutually supported and cyclic inducement-submission relationship between women, that women could be allied in such natural harmony toward a common purpose.
“My own emotional studies have shown that girls between the ages of five and twenty-five manifest a much larger proportion of submission response in their total behaviour than do males of ages corresponding.” However, Marston notes that this submission is more readily directed toward other women, “it is the girl’s attitude toward her mother, or especially toward her girl friend which, according to my own observations, contains the greatest proportion of true submission.”
A girl's attitude toward her father or husband is noted as more often one of inducement than submission, it's about inducing him to meet her needs (not necessarily a leadership role, although Marston considered capitalizing on it as such for the sake of what he saw as a humanity doomed by constant dominance emotion).
In this case, the submission women are seeking from men is contained in love. Marston defines love as active inducement with passive submission. As patriarchal men we might have a certain aversion to submission as we seek to keep our gender roles clear and delineated, but the conclusion Marston comes to is that love, what we know as man's primary obligation to everyone – God, neighbor, and wives, contains submission as a key ingredient. You can certainly see this in love does not insist on its own way from 1 Cor 13. Likewise if you love God you will keep his commandments. We are not keeping them out of compliance because we are forced to, we keep them because we are induced by him to do so by him, therefore it is an act of true submission, and we in turn induce God on our behalf through thanksgiving and supplication.
"Love is a giving, and not a taking; a feeding, and not an eating; an altruistic alliance with the loved one, and not a selfish conflict with a “sex object”. Whatever the organism has acquired during the expression of its appetitive emotion must be given away again in the expression of love, and “everything” includes the organism itself."
Marston notes that "The development of inducement response in girls and women is quite different from that of males." Marston's premise is that inducement in women does not come naturally mixed with dominant appetite like it does in men.
However when inducement is corrupted by appetite in women we see the following:
"Women who depend solely for their supply upon success of inducements directed toward males inevitably regard all other women similarly engaged as actual or prospective rivals. If the other woman succeeds in persuading Mr. Z. to support her, then Mr. Z is not likely to support the rival female inducer. Even if Mr. Z. were willing to yield to the inducements of both women, he is likely to spend less money upon both than he would spend upon either one alone. Women inducers find themselves in the same relationship to other women inducers that one automobile salesman occupies with respect to another automobile salesman who is after the same customer of moderate means. The result of this situation seems to have been the growth of “society”, or “social” competition between women, wherein each woman treats her rivals with very much the same mixture of inducement and dominance that men exercise toward one another…. Dominance may compel an unpleasant type of compliance response, but true submission responds only to inducement. Social dominance between women, with its thin, transparent disguise of inducement, is the less excusable because the dominance power expressed is borrowed power, originally obtained from males by the use of real inducement."
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Continued in next post...
Emotions was written during the feminist revolution in the early 20th century and from what I can tell Marston was sympathetic to the cause. His perspective of what the feminist movement could accomplish however, seems somewhat detached from what it has become today. I would be very interested to hear this man’s perspective on modernity as we know it. As I will elucidate further on, his opinions reside in the assumption that masculine appetite and dominance will always prevent undeviating love, and so all things considered, he believed the human race’s only hope is to re-train women in the traits necessary to lead.
Ultimately I can perceive how he comes to this conclusion because there is no concrete indication in this book that he was a man of faith. What he has unwittingly identified through psychological study and logical deduction is that man is in need of salvation, that we are dead in our sins, and without hope apart from a regeneration of our hearts. Marston, through the lens of humanism, decides to promote a last-ditch effort on equipping women to do this job, as he rightfully identifies a propensity for love and submission more prevalent in that sex. This ideology will ultimately drive the psychology of his Wonder Woman comic, and is also the proposition he makes at the closing pages of the book.
Marston is a keen observer of natural law, and does arrive in the first chapters to the conclusion that the order of things must come from a “vitalistic” or higher, even conscious level down, instead of a “mechanistic” or lower, evolutionary level upward. Many of his observations reveal a lot of wisdom. His observations are worth our consideration as he could certainly be considered a successful polygynist, at least by secular standards, and he went so far as to scientifically evaluate why and how men and women differ psychologically and this without the broken mirror of monogamy-only.
------------------------
The DISC model stands for Dominance, Inducement, Submission, and Compliance. All quotations that follow are Marston’s. I will mostly let him speak for himself in my review, and paraphrase or condense for brevity. (This will still be a lengthy post)
Dominance and Compliance are in opposition to each other with dominance being the greater power forcing compliance. It is the survival of the fittest. Marston seems to recognize this as the dynamic naturally in play between men.
Inducement and Submission are in alliance to the same end with inducement being the stronger power; thus "the weaker (submissive) attractive force progressively weakens itself by facilitating the compulsion exercised upon itself by the stronger (inducing) attractive force." Marston recognizes this as the dynamic naturally in play between women, and to be the ideal for relationships between men and women.
Dominance he defines as “an increase of the self to overcome an opponent”. This could be an environmental or personal antagonist. It is, “a feeling of an outrush of energy to remove opposition". Marston assesses that dominance emotion has “a mixture of pleasantness and unpleasantness throughout the response.”
Compliance is "a feeling of acceptance of an object or force as inevitably just what it is, followed by self-yielding sufficient to bring about harmonious readjustment of self to object. This feeling, unpleasant if the stimulus is too intense to be completely adjusted to, indifferent if the stimulus is of small volume or is composed of inharmonious elements, and pleasant if the stimulus is of moderate intensity, large volume, and is composed of units cumulatively harmonious, constitutes compliance emotion." In other words a reduction of self in the face of a greater antagonistic dominance, but often to just regather and attempt to dominate elsewhere.
Inducement emotion is “a feeling that it is utterly necessary to win the voluntary submission of another person to do what the subject says. This feeling, increasingly pleasant in proportion as the other person submits, constitutes inducement emotion”. “The stronger attractive force progressively strengthens itself by compelling the weaker attractive force to obey its dictates, while all the time the stronger force remains in alliance with the weaker.”
"Many subjects report that inducement becomes very unpleasant if unsuccessful, or when its success remains in doubt. Use of the word “success” in such reports evidences the true dominant nature of the behaviour characterized as “unpleasant”. When one strives for “success” as a conscious end, then one is expressing dominance and not inducement. The purpose sought in such responses is to compel an antagonist into allegiance with the self, and not to lead or induce an ally into conduct favourable to both persons. True inducement is positively pleasant at all times, whether successful or not, because the other person is regarded as a friend, or ally, throughout. Should a wish be entertained to compel the stimulus person to do something against his will, then dominance must have replaced inducement response, and unpleasantness will accompany the failure of the dominance reaction to accomplish its purpose."
Submission is “wanting to give the self helplessly, without question, to the dictation of another person. This feeling, increasingly pleasant in proportion as the self is increasingly controlled by the person submitted to, constitutes submission emotion.”
In other words, compliance is when one has to do something for another, submission is when one wants to do it. “So long as any memory or stimulus intimately associated with the person originally submitted to remains, however, some vestige of pleasantness and of the initial submission reaction also remain. And under no possible conditions can true submission be unpleasant”. "There is only one type of emotional response that is capable of influencing further submission, and that is inducement."
Marston finds it interesting that, “submission is a type of conduct which writers appear quite willing to describe as an attractive sort of behaviour when performed by someone else, but which they rather shrink from acknowledging as a conscious element of their own emotional life.”
Marston notes that similarity between the one doing the inducing and the one submitting is important for the necessary alliance to occur. He observes that women are more likely to submit to other women than to men because they are more alike each other than to a man. He is talking about the give and take of life here – there is nothing that stands out in Emotions to indicate Marston structured his wives in any sort of hierarchy, but some of his anecdotes do leave room for it as a naturally occuring potentiality in female relationships.
It's quite beautiful when you think about it, this mutually supported and cyclic inducement-submission relationship between women, that women could be allied in such natural harmony toward a common purpose.
“My own emotional studies have shown that girls between the ages of five and twenty-five manifest a much larger proportion of submission response in their total behaviour than do males of ages corresponding.” However, Marston notes that this submission is more readily directed toward other women, “it is the girl’s attitude toward her mother, or especially toward her girl friend which, according to my own observations, contains the greatest proportion of true submission.”
A girl's attitude toward her father or husband is noted as more often one of inducement than submission, it's about inducing him to meet her needs (not necessarily a leadership role, although Marston considered capitalizing on it as such for the sake of what he saw as a humanity doomed by constant dominance emotion).
In this case, the submission women are seeking from men is contained in love. Marston defines love as active inducement with passive submission. As patriarchal men we might have a certain aversion to submission as we seek to keep our gender roles clear and delineated, but the conclusion Marston comes to is that love, what we know as man's primary obligation to everyone – God, neighbor, and wives, contains submission as a key ingredient. You can certainly see this in love does not insist on its own way from 1 Cor 13. Likewise if you love God you will keep his commandments. We are not keeping them out of compliance because we are forced to, we keep them because we are induced by him to do so by him, therefore it is an act of true submission, and we in turn induce God on our behalf through thanksgiving and supplication.
"Love is a giving, and not a taking; a feeding, and not an eating; an altruistic alliance with the loved one, and not a selfish conflict with a “sex object”. Whatever the organism has acquired during the expression of its appetitive emotion must be given away again in the expression of love, and “everything” includes the organism itself."
Marston notes that "The development of inducement response in girls and women is quite different from that of males." Marston's premise is that inducement in women does not come naturally mixed with dominant appetite like it does in men.
However when inducement is corrupted by appetite in women we see the following:
"Women who depend solely for their supply upon success of inducements directed toward males inevitably regard all other women similarly engaged as actual or prospective rivals. If the other woman succeeds in persuading Mr. Z. to support her, then Mr. Z is not likely to support the rival female inducer. Even if Mr. Z. were willing to yield to the inducements of both women, he is likely to spend less money upon both than he would spend upon either one alone. Women inducers find themselves in the same relationship to other women inducers that one automobile salesman occupies with respect to another automobile salesman who is after the same customer of moderate means. The result of this situation seems to have been the growth of “society”, or “social” competition between women, wherein each woman treats her rivals with very much the same mixture of inducement and dominance that men exercise toward one another…. Dominance may compel an unpleasant type of compliance response, but true submission responds only to inducement. Social dominance between women, with its thin, transparent disguise of inducement, is the less excusable because the dominance power expressed is borrowed power, originally obtained from males by the use of real inducement."
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Continued in next post...