Not sure if this is what you are getting at or not.
Most people could not afford a bible back in the day right?
So learning of the Law was largely in the synagogue and also as oral tradition passed from the elders to the youth.
So even someone who was illiterate still went to synagogue and learned, also by the cultural norms.
I like to think of the biblical rules which G-d created, as the Kingdom culture.
Most human cultures are the inventions of men.
The biblical culture was/is an outgrowth of G-d's Torah.
When you think about a culture there are a few very important elements which help to define it:
- Language - captures what is important to people. Do they have several words for praise like hebrew does or just a couple like English does. Do they have 11 words for snow like the Inuits have or just 1 word like the Filipinos have. Language captures what is relevant and what is important to a society.
- Food - when I used to travel a lot I loved to sample local cuisine of the various nations I visited; food is a wonderful expression of a culture; it draws on the geography (fish verses venison), as well as artistic expressions.
- Clothing - surely differs from civilization to civilization and ranges from practical (rabbit hat in Russia for winter) to style or artistic expression.
- Holidays - what days are sacred in a society? What days are important? Who are it's heros or what natural calamities were survived on that day? I'm fairly certain they don't celebrate the 4th of July in England.
- Literature - what was important enough for them to write down? How does this writing affect and shape the culture or is it a reflection of the culture.
yes there are others, music, art, etc. The difference between Israeli culture (in times of old) and all the other cultures today, is that Israeli culture at it's core was invented by G-d. The Law of which Paul talks about is the backbone to what I call "biblical culture" or the "culture of the kingdom". The clothing, the language, the food, the holidays, the literature is from Hakadosh Barukh Hu (the Holy One blessed be He).
So when your culture is an outgrowth of biblical principles then even if you are illiterate you learn by observing others. Everyone else has these colored fringes on their garments and they don't seem to trust people who don't wear them. OK I'll wear those too. Commandment observed, sin avoided.
Hey pig farmers make good money, wait a sec, those guys just had their hogs all possessed by demons at the Messiah's command and now the pigs are dead and the farmers are broke. Maybe I won't enter the swine herding profession. Sin avoided.
Hey women never dress like men and men dont dress like women, it would never even occur to me to try on a dress... sin averted
Hey consulting with mediums and Ouija boards and tarot cards seems cool ... wait the village just burned someone alive for this last week, maybe it's a bad idea... sin averted.
So the biblical culture, as invented by G-d and extrapolated on by man (i.e. how to tie the fringes on the clothing, how to drain the blood from food so we don't eat the nefesh) etc. is a natural expression of torah so people would learn most commands by observing or asking their neighbor.
This is probably one reason we have the command "yakoch tikoch et achikha" "you shall indeed rebuke your brother" everyone taught everyone.
Is this what you had in mind or did I totally miss the point of the question..
psalm 1:1-3
1אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי־הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר׀ לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּעֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים וּבְדֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּבְמֹושַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב׃
2כִּ֤י אִ֥ם בְּתֹורַ֥ת יְהוָ֗ה חֶ֫פְצֹ֥ו וּֽבְתֹורָתֹ֥ו יֶהְגֶּ֗ה יֹומָ֥ם וָלָֽיְלָה
3וְֽהָיָ֗ה כְּעֵץ֮ שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר פִּרְיֹ֨ו׀ יִתֵּ֬ן בְּעִתֹּ֗ו וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבֹּ֑ול וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ׃
Happy is the man who doesn't walk in the counsel of wicked people, and in the way of sinners he doesn't remain (stand), and in the abode of the scorners he does not sit; for the Law of Adonai is his delight, and he reads it murmering daily and nightly. He shall be like a tree pllanted by the tributaries of waters who has its fruit in due season and even it's leaves do not wither and all which he does will be successful (prosper).